Chronology

GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE:

FROM 4600 MILLION YEARS AGO TO 1945

millions

of years

ago era period notes

4600 ^ Precambrian Precambrian The formation of the

| . . Earth's crust and the

| . . subsequent evolution of

| . . life

4550 +

\ (Note: Precambrian era lasts from 4600 million years ago to 570

/ million years ago, a span of over four billion years. A time .

\ line showing this would extend another 403 lines, or roughly 7

/ pages.)

600 +

| Palaeozoic Cambrian Marine animals with

| . . mineralized shells

550 + . . appear: trilobites,

| . . echinoderms, brachio .

| pods, molluscs,

| primitive graptolites;

| a variety of worms

500 + Ordovician Graptolites dominant;

| . also trilobites,

| . brachiopods, bryozoans,

| . gastropods, bivalves,

| echinoids, crinoids,

450 + cephalopods, and corals

| Silurian Barchiopods, crinoids,

| . corals, corals; prim .

| . itive fish

| .

400 + Devonian (395) Corals, brachiopods,

| . ammonoids, crinoids;

| . fishes and early land

| . plants

350 + Carboniferous (345) Foraminiferans, corals,

| . bryozoans, brachiopods,

| . blastoids; seed ferns,

| . lycopsids, and other

| plants; amphibians

300 + become more common

| Permian Trilobites extinct;

| . Amphibians and reptiles

| . dominant land animals;

250 + . gymnosperms dominant

| plants

| Mesozoic Triassic Molluscs dominant

| . . invertebrates; reptiles

| . . dominant: turtles,

200 + . . dinosaurs, ichthyosaurs

| Jurassic Ferns, cycads, ginkgos,

| . rushes, conifers; ammo .

| . nites and other inver .

| . tebrates; pterosaurs,

150 + _Archaeopteryx_ appears

| Cretaceous (136) Angiosperm plants;

| . Mesozoic reptiles peak

| .

100 +

| Cenozoic Tertiary (65) Mass extinction: dino .

| . . saurs, pterosaurs, and

50 + . . ammonites extinct; rise

| . . of modern animals;

| shrubs, grasses, and

| other flowering plants

| .

PRESENT + Quarternary (1.8) .

INSET: CENOZOIC ERA

millions

of years

ago era period epoch notes

65 + Cenozoic Tertiary Palaeocene Mammals become abundant

| . . . after extinction of

| . . . dinosaurs and large

| . . . reptiles; by the

| beginning of the Eocene

60 + rodents and primates

| have evolved

55 +

| Eocene Mammals dominant:

| . rodents, artiodactyls,

| . carnivores, perisso .

| . dactyls (including

50 + horses); whales make

| their first appearance

45 +

40 +

| Oligocene Continued rise of

| . mammals: pigs,

| . rhinoceroses, and

35 + . tapirs make their

| appearance

30 +

| Miocene More and more modern

25 + . mammals: horses, dogs

| . and bears, modern

| . whales, South American

| monkeys; modern birds,

| apes present in

20 + southern Europe,

| _Ramapithecus_ appears

15 +

10 +

| Pliocene Mammals similar to

| . modern forms evolve;

5 + . australopithecines

| . appear, the forerunners

| of humanity, appear

| Quarternary Pleistocene (1.8) Ice ages; _Homo

| . . sapiens_ evolves

PRESENT + . Holocene (0.01) Human history

20,000 million B.C. Big bang. Universe formed

4,600 million B.C. Earth formed

3,700 million B.C. Oldest rocks

3,000 million B.C. First signs of life

570 million B.C. First shelled creatures

450 million B.C. First vertebrates

300-70 million B.C. Age of dinosaurs

100 million B.C. First mammals

3.5 million B.C. first hominid Australipithecus walks upright

2.5 million B.C. stone tools being made in Ethiopia

800,000 B.C. cave dwellers living in southern France

600,000 B.C. stone axes manufactured widely in western and southern Europe

250,000 B.C. homo sapiens have spread through western Europe

150,000 B.C. Ice Age ifnds people living in caves in Yugoslavia, Jersey, France

100,000 B.C. our direct ancestor, homo sapiens sapiens sub-species, first appears in eastern and southern Africa.

70,000 B.C. Neanderthal man uses fie and advanced tools

30,000 B.C. Neandertahals have disappeared; homo sapiens sapiens is sole remaining hominid

20,000 B.C. Realistic cave paintings

15,000 B.C. Asian big-game hunters cross Beringia land-bridge to North America

10,000 B.C. Semi-permanent agricultural settlesments in Old World

5000 B.C. Mexicans are cultivating corn, Chinese are growing rice, Europeans growing wheat

3200 B.C. Mesopotamians begin using pictograms

2500 B.C. Mesopotamians set up first libraries. "You can have a master, you can have a king, but a man to be feared is the tax collector."

2000 B.C. Britains begin building stonehenge. Iron discovered in the NEar East.

1800 B.C. Egyptians begin using math to keep temple accounts, for architecture and for land surveying

1338 B.C. Tutankhamun dies

1230 B.C. Isrelites driven out of Egypt by Rameses II

1000 B.C. David chooses Jerusalem as his capital

814 B.C. Phoenecians found Carthage

790 B.C. Small villages of primitive thatched huts appear on the Palatine and neighboring hills overlooking the Roman countryside

776 B.C. Athletes compete in the first Olympia games

753 B.C. Rome founded; Etruscan civilization taking root in Tuscany

560 B.C. Siddhartha Gautama Buddha born

500 B.C. The Sahara turns to desert, pyramids are built at Oaxaca

430 B.C. Herodotus writes Histories

335 B.C. Alexander succeeds Philip of Macedonia

300 B.C. Parisi tribe founds Paris as Lutece, fishing village on small island in the Seine

290 B.C. Euclid sets out the principles of geometry

287 B.C. Chinese begin building the Great Wall to protect themselves against barbarian invasion

264 B.C. Romans discover a new spectator sport: gladiators in the ring

218 B.C. Hannibal crosses the Alps

201 B.C. Romans win the Punic Wars over Carthage

146 B.C. Romans destroy Carthage, flatten every building, sell populace into slavery

50 B.C. Caesar crosses the Rubicon to fight Pompey

44 B.C. Caesar murdered

30 A.D. Jesus is crucified

43 Romans begins conquest of British Isles, establish thriving trading center called Londinium, site of modern London.

79 Vesuvius erupts

200 Oldest Mayan temples in Central America

360 Huns (Mongols) invade Europe

410 Barbarians sack Rome

622 Mohammed flees Mecca

632 Mohammed dies

716 Moslem empire extends from Lisbon to China

778 Charlemagne, having united Frankish Gaul and Lombardy, begins fighting the Saxons

711-14 Arabs have conquered all but northernmost Spain

732 Arabs defeated at Poitiers by Charles Martel

985 Norseman Bjarni Herjolfsson is first European to sight North America

1066 Norman conquest

1094 El Cid triumphs in siege of Valencia

1150 Angkor Wat is completed; Universities of Paris and Oxford founded

1163 Berbers (the Almohads) take over North AFrica, drive Normans out of Tunisia

1095-1396 The Crusades

1215 Magna Carta

1227 Genghis Khan dies

1248 Moors driven from Seville, loeaving Grenada as only remnant of former Moslem Spain

1280 Marco Polo arrives at Kublai Khan's court

1299 Italians begin wearing eyeglasses to correct vision

1330 Occam invents his Razor: Entities are not to be multiplied beyond necessity. (Discard unecessary intellectual baggage.)

1348 Black Dath claims 1/3 of European population

1377 Works begins on the Alhambra's Court of the Lions

1415 Henry V wins at Agincourt

1429 Joan of Arc victorious at Orleans

1431 Joan burned at stake

1444-1510 Sandro Botticelli

1449-1492 Lorenzo the Magnificent de Medici

1452-1519 Leonardo da Vinci

1455 Gutenberg prints the Bible in Mainz

1469 Ferdinand and Isabella marry

1469-1527 Machiavelli

1471-1528 Albrecht Durer

1475-1564 Michelangelo

1478 Spanish Inquisition starts...to end in 1581

1483-1546 Martin Luther

1491-1547 Henry VIII

1492 Lorenzo de Medici dies; Columbus discovers America; Jews expelled from Spain; Moors ousted from Spain

1494 Spain and Portugal divide the world

1498 Vasco de Gama arrives in India

1502 Amerigo Vespucci concludes the South America is not part of India

1503 da Vinci paints Mona Lisa

1504 Michelangelo sculpts David

1507 Venice the center of Mediterranean trade

1510 First African slaves arrive in the Americas from Guinea

1513 Balboa discovers Pacific; Ponce de Leon, in search of Fountain of Youth, discovers Florida

1517 Luther tacks 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church

1519 da Vinci dies; Cortes captures Montezuma

1522 Magellan's ship sails round the world (of 265 aboard, only 15 survive)

1541-1641 El Greco

1543 Copernicus's On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres suggests a heliocentric universe

1550 Rennaissance flourishes. Vasari publishes The Lives of Most Excellent Italian Architects, Painters and Sculptors. Nuts and bolts come into use. Wrench and screwdriver are born.

1564-1616 Shakespeare

1564-1642 Galileo

1569 Mercator publishes first comprehensive map of the world

1570 Palladio publises Four Books of Architecture

1575 Spain goes bankrupt

1585 Decimals invented in Antwerp

1588 English outgun Spanish Armada

1592 Galileo invents thermometer

1596 Spain bankrupt again

1596-1650 Descartes

1607 Jamestown, Virginia, established--first permanent English colony on American mainland

1609 Shakespear's sonnets published

1610 Galileo using 32 power telescope to view mountains on the moon, new stars, moons of Jupiter

1612 John Rolfe crosses Virginia tobacco with the milder Jamaican tobacco to produce America's first viable cash crop

1620 120 anti-Catholic Puritans land in "New Plymouth" from the ship Mayflower

1628 Harvey links heart with blood circulation

1636 Harvard University founded. Tulipmania

1637 Cogito, ergo sum.

1653 Taj mahal completed.

1682 Louis XIV moves into Versailles

1706-1790 Benjamin Franklin

1712-1780 Jean Jacques Rousseau

1713 George Berkeley propounds his argument that the only things that are real are our ideas of what is presented to our senses.

~1720 Agricultural Revolution. entrepreneur farmers, root crops to feed livestock in winter, scientific stock breeding, enclosed holdings, crop rotation, seed drill, Rotherham plough

1743-1826 Thomas Jefferson

1749-1832 Goethe

1770-1827 Beethoven

1774 Sorrows of Young Werther inspires wave of suicides

1776 Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nture and Causes of the Wealth of Nations; America declares independence. Presidio of San Francisco and Mission Dolores founded.

1778 100,000 African slaves per year traded for rum and tobacco

~1780 Industrial Revolution. cheap cpaital from agriculture and trade; growth of large=scale mfg operational units, steam in lieu of muscles, concentartion of the wrok-force in and around factories. Britain becomes "workshop of the world." Spinning jenny (1764), flying shuttle (1772-3), steam power loom (1785-90), steam engine 1776

1781 Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown; Kant says intuition comes before reason

1782 Ned Ludd destroyed new machines in face of unemployment

1787 U.S. Constitution approved

1789 Bastille stormed, French Revolution begins. Washington elected.

1792 First use of guillotine; aristocrats and criminals are butchered, their heads paraded on pikes

1973 Louis XVI beheaded

1796 John Adams elected

1799 Bonaparte seizes power in Paris; his motto: Everything for the French People.

1800 Jefferson elected. Volta invents the battery; U.S. president moves to Washington.

1803 Lousiana Purchase, Mississippi Valley to the Rockies (828,000 sq miles) for $15,000,000

1804 Bonaparte crowned emperor; Trevithick completes steam locomotive

1808 Criminologists into phrenology--determining a man's instincts, morality and intelligence by the shape of his head. Madison elected.

1814 British army torches the White House

1815 Bonaparte defeated at Waterloo

1816 Monroe elected

1819 Steamship Savannah crosses Atlantic in 26 days

1824 Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. John Quincy Adams elected.

1828 Andrew Jackson elected.

1829 von Clausewitz declares that war is the continuation of diplomacy by other means; strategy should not be concerned solely with the enemy's armed forces but also his resouces and will to fight. attack civilians...

1830 First covered wagons arrive in California from the East. Population of Presidio 131, Mission 219 (Indians)

1833 Charles Babbage cooks up idea for programmable analytical engine

1835 San Francisco pueblo founded with erection of first building by William Richardson

1840 "Penny Black," first postage stamp

1846 American flag raised over Yerba Buena

1847 Gold discovered in California. Yerba Buena renamed San Francisco

1848 Communist Manifesto published in Brussels; Mexico surrenders Texas and California to US in return for $15 million

1849 California Gold Rush. >80,000 Americans head west. San Francisco grows from a village to a city of 25,000 in a few months. Apples fetch $5, eggs are $10/dozen. French physicist measures the speed of light. Railways spread across Europe.

1850 Population soars in Europe. In millions:

Britain	27
France	36
Germany	33
Italy	24
Russia	68
Spain	16

1851 Elias Howe invents sewing machine. Crystal Palace.

1852 Bon Marche department store; clerks paid on commission

1856 Pasteur claims disease is spread by germs in the air

1859 Darwin's The Origin of Species

1860 Pony Express covers 2000 miles from St. Jo to Sacramento in 11 days. Population of North 22 million, 100,000 factories, 20,000 miles of railroad, $189 million in bank deposits; population of South 9 million, 20,000 factories, 9,000 miles of railroad, $47 million in the bank. Linjcoln elected.

1861 Civil War begins

1862 Potato famine in Ireland; massive waves of immigrants. Garibaldi's men conquer Roma.

1865 Whymper climbs teh Matterhorn. Confederates surrender

1866 Transatlantic telegraph cable, 2500 miles long, stretches from Ireland to Newfoundland

1867 Typewriter invented by Christopher Sholes

1868 Grant elected.

1869 Ludwig II of Bavaria begins construction of Linderhof. Golden spike completes world's longest railroad in Promontory, Utah. Canal opens at Suez

1870 Pope declared infallible

1874 Impressionist show on Boulevard des Capucines. Money, Renoir, Pissarro, Degas, Cezanne. "Paint as it looks to you." Major Wingfield invents--and patents--tennis.

1877 Edison invents phonograph

1879 Edison invents lightbulb

1880 Emperor Norton dies

1881 Advertising developing. N W Ayer & J Walter Thompson puff health cures and new foods

1884 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn published. Wild West shows. Pointillisme from Seurat.

Family: Jay's mother's mother Lillian Carrigan is born.

1885 Karl Benz's horseless carriage goes 8 MPH in Mannheim

1889 Eiffel tower. Oklahoma land race displaces 75,000 Indians. Hitler born.

1890 Wounded Knee, last major battle of the Indian Wars. Van Gogh kills himself.

Family: My grandfather, W. H. Cross, is born.

1891 Louis Sullivan constructs first tall buildings--10 stories. Form follows function. U.S. buffalo population has dropped from 20 million to 1000 in past 100 years.

1892 Charles and Frank Duryea made first successful auto in the U.S. Cleveland elected.

1893 zipper is patented

1896 first moving pictures on a public screen are shown at Koster and Bial's Music Hall in NYC; first Ford is assembled in Detroit. McKinley elected.

1898 PLEASE REMAIN STOP YOU FURNISH THE PICTURES AND I WILL FURNISH THE WAR -- HEARST

1900 U.S. population is 76 million. Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams. Zeppelin invents the massive airship. Planck concludes that energy is emitted not in waves but in packets--quanta.

1901 Morgan forms U.S. Steel. Victoria dies. First wireless message acorss Atlantic.

1903 Orville Wright makes first powered flight in heavier-than-air machine. Ford rasies $28,000 to rent a shed and build automobiles in Detroit. Movie: The Great Train Robbery.

1904 Teddy Roosevelt elected.

1905 Albert Einstein, since the age of 12 out to solve "the riddle of the world," assets that light consists of individual quanta--photons--that can behave both as waves and particles. Relativity states that there are no absolute motions in the universe.

1906 San Francisco earthquake

1907 Picasso's Les Demoisells d'Avignon. Lusitania crosses Atlantic in less than five days.

1908 first U.S. skyscraper, the Singer Building in NY; Model T is introduced at $850 (later $310 with starter, $290 without). Taft elected.

1910 11,000 Model T's sold

1912 Titanic sinks. Wilson elected.

1913 income tax permitted under the 16th Amendment. The first tax law levied graduated rates from 1% to 6%. Ford built his assembly line.

1914 Panama Canal opens. 248,000 Model T's sold.

1915 Movie: The Birth of a Nation.

1916 First phonograph, first transcontinental call (Bell in NY, Watson in SF).

1917 Family: My father, James C. Cross, born in Bokohoma, Oklahoma.

1919 prohibition goes into effect

1920 First radio station. U.S. population is 106 million. Prohibition begins. Harding elected.

Family: My mother, Lenora Routon Cross, born in Hope, Arkansas. Uta's father, Peter Bawey, born in Katowicz, Poland.

1924 Hoover elected. Movie: Greed.

Family: Uta's mother, Rosemarie Romanus, born in Haldesladen, Germany.

1926 Monet dies

1927 Lindberg flight; first talkie, first demo of television.

1928 Steamboat Willie is first animated cartoon. Penicilin discovered. Hoover elected.

1929 24 October. WALL STREET LAYS AN EGG

1930 Movie: The Blue Angel.

1931 the 102-story Empire State Building opens. Movie: Dracula.

1932 worldwide depression; 13 million unemployed; deflation is 11.6% for the year. FDR elected.

1933 prohibition repealed, Glass-Steagall, off the gold standard, the New Deal

1934 general strike in San Francisco. Hitler becomes fuehrer.

1936 dust bowl, first sitdown strike, GM recognizes the auto-workers union

1937 Hindenburg, first worldwide broadcast (George VI coronation), Hitler bombs Guernica. Golden Gate Bridge dedicated

1938 The Persistence of Memory painted by Dali. Hahn and Strassman split the atom

1939 Hitler invades Poland, first regular transatlantic flights, RCA's TV is the sensation of the NY World's Fair. Movie: Gone With the Wind.

Family: My parents graduate from L.S.U.

1940 U. S. population is 132 million. Germans march into Paris. London blitz begins. Movie: Rebecca.

1941 US joins allies. Hitler invades Russia. Pearl Harbor.

1942 Fermi achieves nuclear chain reaction.

Family: Jay's parents married.

1943 Income tax withholding introduced. Movie: Casablanca.

1944 DNA discovered, Hitler orders mobilization of all children over 10, Mondrian dies, Normandy Invasion, Bretton Woods Conference sets up World Bank and IMF. Movie: To Have and Have Not.

1945 first programmable electronic computer constructed. ENIAC weighs 30 tones, occupies 1500 square feet, performs 5000 additions per minute. Allies bomb Dresden.

Internet Time Group
learning, collaboration, and time